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The theory which is usually accepted concerning the origins of the Brittany Spaniel is that local Spaniels were mated with Setters brought over by the British who were visiting that part of France for Woodcock and Partridge shooting. This may well account for the Brittany Spaniel’s wide range of color.

At some point in its development, a dog without a tail was born. This was immediately claimed as being a distinctive feature of this "new" breed. In the show ring, the very early dogs were exhibited in miscellaneous classes for French Spaniels, and in 1896, one named Pincon Royal was shown at the Paris Exposition by Viscount de Cambourg. The first Brittany Spaniels to be registered with the Societé Centrale Canine were Boy, born in 1905 and Marpha, born in 1903.

In 1907 a group of enthusiasts met in Loudrec, the purpose being to found a club. Named Club de l’Epagneul Breton a écourte queue (Short-tailed Brittany Spaniel Club) it drew up the first standard for the breed.